New ed. [153] Shah Jahan's son Aurangzeb was deeply religious and undertook extensive campaign in Deccan. The glorious exploits of these warlike communities can be seen in the accounts of the charges of the Kauravas against the Pandavas. They remained in power in Lahore until 1793 the year when Shah Zaman acceded to the throne of Kabul. It was a last day of Muharram when a big procession was to be held in the town in the memory of the two grandsons of the Prophet Muhammad who had been martyred on the battlefield. Major cities like Rawalpindi and Sialkot are also located at extreme proximity to the Indian boundary. Umayyad rule was later replaced with Abbasid rule in 750. Thousands of men lost their lives, and while the Pakistani army made a few gains, the Indian forces by the end directly threatened the great city of Lahore with mortar and artillery fire. [165], In 1757, the Sikhs were persistently ambushing guards to loot trains. [189], After independence, the Akali Dal, a Sikh-dominated political party active mainly in Punjab, sought to create a Sikh State but idea was not very popular. ", the brave Porus shot back, "The way a king treats another king." WebAgain in 1798 Shah Zaman attacked Punjab to avenge the defeat of 1797. Many chiefs agreed to support him and he, taking command of the Sikh forces, cleared the Lahore countryside of the Afghans and threw a cordon round the city. Government College, Lahore, established in 1864. [35], A second battle, referred to as the Mahabharat in ancient texts, was fought in Punjab on a battlefield known as Kurukshetra. The great city of Lahore is the cultural, educational and sports capital of Pakistan; its second-largest city, though hailed in importance greater than the capital Islamabad or the commercial and population center, Karachi, owing to its spiritual importance to Punjabi Pakistanis. [39] The battle is thought to be resulted in a decisive Greek victory; however, A. The Tughluqids succeeded the Khiljis in 1320. 'five rivers'). 1906 and Hill (2009), pp. [13][14] The ancient Greeks referred to the region as Pentapotama (Greek: ),[15][16] which has the same meaning as the Persian word. [180], In 1854, the Punjab education department was instituted with a policy to provide secular education in all government managed institutions. 1906. [141] Multan fell in 1528 after an extended siege and Shah Husayn appointed his son Mirza Askari as governor of the city, assisted by Langar Khan, one of the powerful amirs of Sultan Mahmud Langah I. Shah Zaman wanted to attack and invade India to stop influence of the British an d to Punjab) and other areas of south India in 1795. [34] Sudas had earlier defeated Samvaran and ousted him from Hastinapur. [39] Thus began the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC; the exact site remains unknown. [50] He has also been variously identified with Shashigupta (who has same etymology as of Chandragupta) of Paropamisadae (western Punjab) on the account of same life events. The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as King Porus, who fought the famous Battle of the Hydaspes against Alexander the Great. His capital (was) at Sagala (Sialkot) in the Punjab, "in the country of the Yonakas (Greeks)"." Led by Master Tara Singh, the religious leadership and many activist Sikhs sought a Punjabi-speaking, Sikh-majority state in the Indian Union. A notable account was that of the Greek ambassador Megasthenes who had visited the Mauryan capital of Pataliputra. The Northern Sakas, also known as the Indo-Scythians, moved first into Bactria, and later crossed the Hindu Kush into India, successfully wresting power from the Indo-Greeks. * Historie du Bouddhisme Indien, E Lamotte. Ranjit Singh ultimately acquired a kingdom in the Punjab which stretched from the Sutlej River in the east to Peshawar in the west, and from the junction of the Sutlej and the Indus in the south to Ladakh in the north. Lahore Museum in Lahore. Although it began on stormy notes in 1947 and 1948, the movement was largely peaceful. [133], The last ruler of the Sayyids, Ala-ud-Din, voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in favour of Bahlul Khan Lodi on 19 April 1451, and left for Badaun, where he died in 1478. [108] Four months later, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq sent large army reinforcements for his son asking him to attempt plundering Arangal and Tilang again. Timur, who ruled a Central Asian empire from Samarkand, sacked Delhi in 1398-1399, and reduced the Sultanate to a small kingdom surrounding Delhi. [96], In 977, Sabuktigin, the Samanid governor of Ghazni, established an independent kingdom in western Afghanistan with Ghazni as its capital. Afghan tribal chief of the Durrani clan, Ahamad Shah Abdali, also went by the name Ahamad Shah Durrani. Daylight robberies, massacres and assassinations and bombings spread terror across the state. One may infer from his work, the Ashtadhyayi, that the people of greater Punjab lived prominently by the profession of arms. Hometown/Kingdom. WebRanjit Singh's fame grew in 1797, at age 17, when the Afghan Muslim ruler Shah Zaman, of the Ahmad Shah Abdali dynasty, attempted to annex Panjab region into his control through his This victory appears to have been commemorated in the Hund Slab Inscription (HSI):[93][pageneeded], At the beginning of the 8th century, Arab armies of the Umayyad Caliphate penetrated into South Asia. She said that an Afghani soldier was no match for a Sikh soldier. [93][pageneeded] Abu Ishaq Ibrahim was expelled from Ghazna and Shahi-Lawik strongholds were restored in Kabul and adjacent areas. [89], The Chinese monk Xuanzang visited in 630 AD and described a large and prosperous kingdom, Taank Kingdom in Punjab. He interpreted Jihad as a peaceful method, and declared himself to be the Messiah. [citation needed], Colonial rule had a profound impact on all areas of Punjabi life. The ensuing holocaust was called Ghalughara. Rani Sada Kaur stood outside Delhi Gate and Ranjit Singh proceeded towards Anarkali. [39] He (alongside Abisares) had a hostile relationship with the Kingdom of Taxila which was ruled by his extended family. The Shahi Kingdom was originally based at Kabul, and later spread across the Punjab. Their kingdom gradually shrank in size, and was racked by bitter succession struggles. Another factor is reported to have been a series of migrations by the Aryans from the northwest (roughly 1700-1500 BCE, see Indo-Iranians). The Ghaznavids conquered region in 1025, after whom the Delhi Sultanate followed. (1980). [3] The rise of kingdoms and dynasties in the Punjab is chronicled in the ancient Hindu epics, particularly the Mahabharata. Ranjit Singh also left his district and repaired posthaste to Amritsar. [79], Following decline of Kushans, the Gupta Empire gradually extended its rule as far as Punjab. [183] There had been many Indian independence movements in Punjab at the time as well. Victims of oppression, the people of Lahore were favorably disposed towards Singh who they saw as a potential liberator. In 1919, Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer ordered troops under his command to fire into a crowd of non-violent protestors, killing between 300 and 1,000 people. (Bikramjit Hasrat, Life and times of Ranjit Singh, p.36). Paterson, T.T., Drummond, H.J.H., 1962. The great epic makes copious attestation of the fact that the contigents of Gandharas, Kambojas, Sauviras, Madras and Trigartas occupied key positions in the Kaurava arrays throughout the epic war (See: Historical Traditions in Ancient Punjab, 1971, pp 36-51, Dr Buddha Parkash). His first attempt to conquer India brought him as far as Hasan Abdal; he had to return to Afghanistan to put down a revolt by his brother, Mahmud. [25], The Indus Valley Civilisation is also known as the Harappan civilisation, after its type site Harappa, the first to be excavated early in the 20thcentury in Punjab. His son Darius the Great, in 518 BCE crossed the Indus and annex the regions up to the Jhelum River. He invaded the Punjab and northern India seventeen times during his reign, conquering the Shahi kingdom and extending his rule across the Punjab as far as the upper Yamuna. Punjabis make 50-55% of Pakistans people. [70], About the middle of the 1st century CE, the Kushan Empire expanded out of central Asia into the Punjab under the leadership of their first emperor, Kujula Kadphises. The British prevailed in the Second Anglo-Sikh War, and under the Treaty of Lahore in 1849, the Punjab was annexed by the British East India Company, and Dhalip Singh was pensioned off. Though the name Punjab is of Persian origin, its two parts (, panj, 'five' and , b, 'water') are cognates of the Sanskrit words, , paca, 'five' and , p, 'water', of the same meaning. 12, 38, Dr. Buddha Parkash; Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien, p 110, E. Lamotte; Political History of Ancient India; 1996, p 133, 216-17, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury; Hindu Polity, 1978, pp 121, 140, Dr K. P. Jayswal etc etc). His successor, Budhan Khan, who assumed the title Sultan Mahmud Shah I, inherited the Sultanate stretched encompassing the neighbouring regions, including the cities of Chiniot and Shorkot. [52] He then defeated the Nanda rulers in Pataliputra to capture the throne. [citation needed], The undivided Punjab, of which Punjab (Pakistan) forms a major region today, was home to a large minority population of Sikhs and Hindus unto 1947 apart from the Muslim majority. He was described as a fearsome Shahi. The British Punjab province, which includes present-day Punjab province of Pakistan, and the Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh, was partitioned in 1947 between the newly-independent states of India and Pakistan. The rebels under Sultan Mahmud II administered Multan for a time independently[142] but in 1541, Sher Shah Suri captured Multan, and the Sultanate ended. In 1930, the Indian National Congress proclaimed independence from Lahore. This rapid demographic shift was primarily due to wide scale migration but also caused by large-scale religious cleansing riots which were witnessed across the region at the time. Heads of Misals, though bound to give protection to the people as they were collecting Rakhi tax from them, were the first to leave the people in lurch. [186] The Gurdaspur district which is partially now part of the Indian state of Punjab had a slight Muslim majority (50.2% according to the 1941 census) prior to the partition. By December Shah Zaman occupied territory up to Jhelum. Webby extending invitations to Zaman Shah to attack India and requested him to redeem their honour and prestige which had been usurped by a 'gang of Marathas' and a handful of Brother - Zulfiqar (Governor of Mazandaran, Iran) Sister - Most of Pakistans sportsmen in cricket, field hockey and squash (a sport it singularly dominates) come from Lahore! After the departure of Ahmad Shah Abdali, Jassa Singh Ahluwali again attacked Sirhind, razing it and killiing the Afghan Governor Zen Khan. It was a humiliating defeat for the Afghans. The Afghans struggled hard to dislodge the Sikhs but in vain. [161], Naulakha pavilion (1633) in the Lahore Fort, Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, The lifetime of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, coincided with the conquest of northern India by Babur and establishment of the Mughal Empire. Its political and geographic predominance gave Britain a base from which to project its power over more than 500 princely states that made up India. WebRANJIT SINGH & SHAH ZAMAN'S INVASIONS OF PUNJAB 1795-97 Shah Zaman, ruler of Afghanistan first invasion took place from December 1793 to March 1794. In his Burahin-i-Ahmaddiya, which was meant to rejuvenate Islam on the basis of the Quran, he had attempted to refute both Christian missionaries, and Hindus and Sikhs. B. Bosworth warns against an uncritical reading of Greek sources who were obviously exaggerative. [150], Over the next twenty four year, the Mughals gradually consolidated power in the Punjab. All Punjabi princely states, except Bahawalpur, also became part of India. R. M. Chopra, "The Legacy of the Punjab", (1997), Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta. In 1798, Shah Zaman attacked Punjab to avenge the defeat of 1797. The rivers of Punjab often corresponded to the eastern Janapadas. Father - Muhammad Zaman Khan Abdali (Chief of the Abdali tribe and Governor of Herat) Mother - Zarghuna Alakozai. 1 answer The Himalayas have deeply influenced the history of Punjab. Justify this statement with your arguments. This rules out the possibility of Gandhara and/or Kamboja having been great kingdoms in the late 4th century BCE. WebRanjit Singh did not have much difficulty in recovering Rohtas, but the Punjab had not yet seen the last of Zaman and his armies.In the autumn of 1796 Shah Zaman crossed the [149] During this period, Sher Shah constructed the Rohtas Fort near Jhelum. Kandahar, Afghanistan. He later moved his capital to Sagala (modern Sialkot). Some Pahari majority parts of the East Punjab were also merged with Himachal Pradesh as a result of the movement. Two years later he was back in the Punjab again and, in addition to retaking Hasan Abdal, he captured Rohtas from the Sukkar chakkias, Ranjit Singh thus being the first Sikh chieftain to suffer aggression at his hands. Although their distribution patterns are not satisfactorily ascertainable, they are associated with the Porusni, Asikni, Satudri, Vipas, and Saraswati. The Muslim League also demanded separate electorates in every province, even in those without Muslim majority populations, which was also granted by the Indian National Congress in 1916. Following Alexander the Great's invasion and his conflicts with Porus and the Malli tribe of Multan, Chandragupta founded the Maurya Empire. The 4th century BC Arthashastra of Kautiliya also talks of martial republics and specifically refers to the Kshatriya Shrenis (warrior-bands) of the Kambojas and some other frontier tribes as belonging to varta-Shastr-opajivin class (i.e. The Bhangi Sardars, Lehna Singh, and Sobha Singh were driven out of Lahore in 1767 by the Abdali, but soon reoccupied it.
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