Toxicon. The cycling protocol included an initial hot start at 94 C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94 C for 30 sec, 58C for 30 sec, and 72 C for 60 sec 3, it seems that there is a significant coding or non-coding PLEK misclassified transcripts. Therefore, in species with no specified coding threshold such as scorpion, it is best to use studies of closely related species. Article The morphological measurements were conducted using digital calipers. Gantenbein B, Largiadr CR. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Anatomy and morphology the Biology of Scorpions, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California; 1990. The blast results indicated that the majority of these lncRNAs sequences (12,642) have no identifiable orthologs even in closely related species and those considered as novel lncRNAs. Liu, F.et al. Androctonus crassicauda is widespread throughout the Middle East and its name means "fat-tailed man-killer". 7, 497 (2011). The functional role of long non-coding RNAs and epigenetics. 1828. To predict long non-coding RNAs, an experimental and computational filtering (ECF) pipeline was carried out (Fig. [1] They are moderate sized scorpions, attaining lengths of 10cm (just under 4in). Pharmacological and clinical studies. Results of computational approaches on fruit fly and scorpion datasets. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, 472 million clean reads were assembled into 952,725 transcripts (585,177 genes) by Trinity tool using default parameters18,19. ) Crassicauda means fat-tailed, from the Latin crassus meaning "fat" and cauda, meaning "tail". Nonetheless, the PLEK tool presented a sharp decline in specificity. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated from the dataset. ECF pipeline is composed of computational and experimental steps: (1) Identification of ncRNAs, (2) Annotation and classification of ncRNAs, (3) Prediction of high reliable lncRNAs. Koch, L. The taxonomy, geographic distribution and evolutionary radiation of Australo-Papuan scorpions (Western Australian Museum, 1977). Genome-wide identification and developmental expression profiling of long noncoding RNAs during Drosophila metamorphosis. ). Distribution records of Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807), Apistobuthus pterygocercus Finnegan 1932, Buthacus nigroaculeatus (Levy, Amitai & Shulov 1973) and Butheolus villosus Hendrixson,. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. BMC Bioinformatics 15, 311 (2014). They were basically black to reddish-brown with In addition to high accuracy lncRNA prediction pipeline, we provided most comprehensive dataset of scorpion lncRNAs, which is consist of multiple information of scorpion lncRNAs, like expression profile, coding probability distribution, features of predicted lncRNAs, annotation, etc. The unveiling of distinctive features of lncRNA not only serves to distinguish lncRNAs from other RNAs in non-model species but may also help to improve predictions of their functional mechanisms in the future. This comparison indicates that novel lncRNAs predicted using the ECF pipeline have a lower coding probability threshold, even slightly lower than predicted known lncRNAs. & Alba, M. M. Long non-coding RNAs as a source of new peptides. gonneti (Morocco) and A. crassicuda (Khuzestan). Due to Table 1, Annocript, despite having a long wait presented the best result than CPC, CNIT, and PLEK. The obtained findings showed a close genetic relationship among the A. crassicuda collected from Makoo, Iran. ) and Turkey ( Ozkan et al., 2006 Systematic comparison of lncRNAs with protein coding mRNAs in population expression and their response to environmental change. this genus is highly important in the different parts of Iran due to the fact that scorpions have a high geographical distribution in Iran. The CP threshold used for the scorpion dataset was 0.4. subunit I (COXI) gene, 12sRNA. It lives in the Middle East. & Muskavitch, M.A. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Jafari, H., Salabi, F. Statistical analysis: Forouzan, A., Navidpour, Sh. (2010) identified two genetic groups with genetic variations in the 16S region of A. crassicuda in Urfa, Turkey. ; Salomone et al., 2007 PubMed Central However, the venom gland transcriptome profile of A. crassicauda scorpion has not yet been studied. These findings may lead to the revision of the Performances of PLEK, CPC, CNIT and Annocript on scorpion dataset. Google Scholar. If the scorpion stings a human with its venom, it cause swelling or problems with the heart and lungs or death. 7). So, 745,889 transcripts without coding potential was considered as ncRNA candidates for subsequent analyzes. Kim, E.-D. & Sung, S. Long noncoding RNA: Unveiling hidden layer of gene regulatory networks. 41, e74e74 (2013). PubMed Therefore, a total of 367,332 transcripts were distinguished and introduced as the scorpion lncRNAs. ; Thompson et al., 1994 8600 Rockville Pike The phylogenetic analysis Sci. Received 2020 Feb 22; Accepted 2020 Apr 13. Stahnke HL. We calculated the expression values of lncRNAs in the scorpion venom glands using RSEM software. In detail, CPC2 achieved a satisfactory result (sensitivity: 0.94, specificity: 0.95, accuracy: 0.95) on the fruit fly dataset (Table 2), which was higher than that of CNIT (sensitivity: 0.92, specificity: 0.94, accuracy: 0.94) and PLEK (sensitivity: 0.87, specificity: 0.60, accuracy: 0.63). Ebrahimi M, Azizi K, Moemenbellah-Fard M, Fakoorziba MR, Soltani A. Morphometry Indices of the Black Fat-tailed Scorpion Androctonus crassicauda (Scorpiones Buthidae), from Fars Province, Southern Iran. 8, 1494 (2013). Overlap of scorpion lncRNAs with these lncRNA database sources was determined using blastn with a cut-off E-value of 103. Grabherr, M.G., et al. Department of Venomous Animals, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran. Genome Biol. ). of these species ( Chippaux and Goyffon, 2008 Getting stung by black scorpion Androctonus crassicauda: a - PubMed clustered together, and their relationship was in accordance with the following equation: (A. australis + A. amorexi) + A. crassicauda In this work have shown that Annocript be a powerful platform for the identification of scorpion lncRNA transcripts in high-throughput sequencing data. of genus, species, and subspecies ( Hjelle, 1990 The first branch The phylogeographic importance of the Strait of Gibraltar as a gene flow barrier in terrestrial arthropods: a case study with the scorpion Buthus occitanus as model organism. The remaining 904,743 transcripts were then filtered due to coding potential. The second branch was clearly ). To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the ECF pipeline and four popular lncRNA prediction tools on the scorpion dataset, as a model of arachnida species, once again, PLEK, CNIT, CPC2, and ECF pipeline were done by utilizing the 131,311 lncRNAs and 202,064 mRNAs scorpion dataset of this study. ). Fifty-one non-fatal and one fatal cases of scorpion sting were presented. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. Similar to previous reports, lncRNA transcripts harbored a lower isoforms than protein-coding gene21,34. Nature Biotechnology 29, 644 (2011). Androctonus crassicauda venom has an i.v. PubMed Systematic identification and characterization of Aedes aegypti long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). This result indicated that Annocript performed better in predicting the scorpion data than other programs. Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier), a dangerous and unduly neglected Article and two gram-positive bacteria ( Staphylococcus aur. Androctonus crassicauda - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia BMC genomics 16, 337 (2015). Comparison of predicted coding probability, it can be a good assessment of lncRNA prediction tool performance. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the CPC2 indicated high positive and negative predictive values 0.71 and 0.99, respectively, on fruit fly dataset. An area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve visualized in Fig. At least 44 different sub-fractions were resolved and collected for finger print mass analysis using an electrospray mass spectrometer. Rafeeazadeh S. Report of scorpion sting In Iran during 2009. Toxicon. Identifying novel lncRNAs greatly increases the knowledge of arthropod ncRNAs. Methods: All authors have reads and approved the manuscript. Blastx was used to search against non-redundant (Nr) and Swissprot databases with an E-value threshold of 103. Androctonus crassicauda is the most significant scorpion species widely distributed and found in the majority of Iran provinces, especially In this study, we elucidated and compared the venom gland gene expression profiles of adult and juvenile male scorpion A. crassicauda using . Am J Trop Med Hyg. Sensitivity and specificity comparison of ECF pipeline with software programs (CNIT, CPC2 and PLEK) on: (A) Drosophila melanogaster datasets (B) Androctonus crassicauda RNA-seq datasets. Category:Androctonus crassicauda - Wikimedia Commons The phylogenetic tree was divided into two branches. count for the gender discrimination of scorpions. After filtering, cleaning and trimming of the raw reads generated from Illumina sequencing platform, clean reads were de novo assembled into contigs using Trinity software (v. 2.0.3)18 with optimized parameters. which is endemic to Khuzestan province, Iran. Proceed. This page was last changed on 11 April 2023, at 13:14. In order to intuitively measure the performance, the ROK curves were employed. Investig. Compared to lncRNA prediction tools indicated that our pipeline is a helpful approach to distinguish protein-coding and non-coding transcripts from RNA sequencing data of species without reference genomes. PLoS ONE 11, e0147147 (2016). We thank the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, of Iran for their financial support and our colleagues for many stimulating discussions. We ultimately got a set of 12,642 novel lncRNA transcripts corresponding to 11,039 genes. CNIT (Coding-Non-Coding Identifying Tool) software is a powerful tool to effectively distinguish between protein-coding and non-coding sequences by profiling adjoining nucleotide triplets ANT due to sequence intrinsic composition. This program executes following analysis: Blastx against TrEMBL/UniRef and Swissprot, RPSBLAST against CDD profiles, BLASTN against Rfam and rRNAs, dna2pep and Portrait software to extract many features and classified the transcripts as lncRNA due to transcript length (>200 nt), ORF (<300 nt), non-coding potential score (0.95) and transcripts with no match in public databases33. This study is the first comprehensive analysis and characterization of lncRNAs in the scorpions. To the end, the reaction mixtures were initially incubated at 94 C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles of amplification ; Loureno and Qi, 2006 Ultimately, Sequence length, GC content and CP distribution of lncRNA and mRNA were plotted. Genetic distances were also Buthidae, with 44 species, is the most diverse family of scorpions in Iran. Distribution records of Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807 the analysis was based on 32 morphological characteristics of A. crassicuda native to southwest Iran. [2] Adults can vary in colour from a light brown to reddish to blackish-brown, to black. A solution to these challenges can be the implementation of studies on the identification of phylogenetic Toxicon 95, 5261 (2015). Hemprich, F. G. & Christian G. Ehrenberg. If genetic variation exists, further studies should be carried out on scorpion toxin compounds to develop the efficiency of scorpion envenomation. A new species of Androctonus Ehrenberg, 1828 from Mauritania (Scorpiones, Buthidae), Mirshamsi O, Sari A, Elahi E, Hosseinie S. Phylogenetic relationships of Mesobuthus eupeus (C.L. 1 Toxicity and protein composition of venoms of Hottentotta saulcyi, Hottentotta schach and Androctonus crassicauda, three scorpion species collected in Iran. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Google Scholar. The ML tree of Androctonus species, which showed the same phylogenetic tree topology, was constructed The venom of this scorpion is used for the production of polyvalent antivenom through hyperimmunizing healthy horses by the Razi Vaccine Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Rep. 8, 110 (2016). BMC Genomics 19, 114 (2018). 2000 Feb;62(2):277-83. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.277. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Beyond those mentioned, more knowledge about scorpion venom compositions were achieved by high-throughput transcriptomic analyses of scorpion venom glands9,14; however, regulatory RNAs of venom gland biological processes have remained unknown. [1], The Arabian fat-tailed scorpion is an Old World scorpion. government site. In phylogeographical studies on Buthidae ( Gantenbein et al., 2000 Brief. CAS Systematic and computational identification of Androctonus crassicauda long non-coding RNAs. Thereafter, all positively annotated transcripts were discarded from lncRNA candidates. Differential venom gland gene expression analysis of juvenile and adult RNA 20, 16551665 (2014). The manuscript and data were not previously or simultaneously submitted elsewhere. Characterization of coding and long non-coding RNAs was determined using number of isoform per gene, protein coding probability, length, and, GC content assays. in press, ~100 pages). Its toxin can cause severe pain, autonomic, CNS, and muscle function disturbances, and death. The remaining transcripts were considered as large non-coding RNAs. J. Proteomics 128, 231250 (2015). The Buthidae family with 85 genera and 895 Article Although there is a high overlap between the ECF pipeline and other tools, the highest unique mRNA and the lowest unique lncRNA have appeared in the ECF pipeline. In the phylogenetic tree, A. crassicuda from the northwest and southwest Identification and properties of 1,119 candidate lincRNA loci in the Drosophila melanogaster genome. Similarly, the Latin word for South is australis, from which Androctonus australis, "southern man-killer", derives. PMC Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ. gonneti, A. australis, and A. amorexi were Morphometric measurements of male and female Androctonus crassicauda. The victim developed moderate hydrocephalus of the communicating type with clear ventricular CSF and strongly xanthocromic fluid from lumbar puncture. Zhu, Q.-H. & Wang, M.-B. In the CPC2 tool, lncRNAs were shown as non-coding RNAs longer than 200 nt. Subsequently, for ORF determination, the remaining transcripts of this step, 387,637 ncRNA were loaded to the getorf website. Although it has a model for all organisms in Uniprot, which can be customized by users, all organisms were definitely chosen. collected from the different parts of Khuzestan province, Iran and then examined based on their morphometric and sequence variations at the cytochrome oxidase Epub 2021 Aug 6. Not to be confused with thick-tailed scorpion (. An arachnid, like the spider, has eight legs. Fritah, S., Niclou, S. P. & Azuaje, F. Databases for lncRNAs: A comparative evaluation of emerging tools. The study of the morphology and phylogeny of Today, the molecular study and nucleotide sequences of these genes are used to characterize the Despite the important role of lncRNAs in biological processes, a limited number of studies focus on non-model animal lncRNAs. Accordingly, they can be Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies RNA sequencing reveals two major classes of gene expression levels in metazoan cells. ( Gantenbein and Largiadr, 2002 Koch, 1837) complex in Italy: Biometrics of sympatric hidden species (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae). The version described in this paper is the first version, KEPY01000000. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 5'- AGAG-TGACGGGCAATATGTG and 5'- CAGCG GCTGCGGTTATAC. Young, R. S. et al. Generalized erythema occurred in 20-25% of all infants and children below the age of 5 years. Thus, this ECF pipeline helps distinguish protein-coding and non-coding transcripts from RNA sequencing data of many arthropod species without reference genomes. The estimates of variation among sequences were based on the sequences FOIA Scorpions and scorpion sting envenoming (scorpionism) in the Arab Countries of the Middle East. National Library of Medicine (at 94 C for 30 sec, 42 C for 50 sec, and 72 C for 35 sec) and a final extension of 72 C for 5 min. Wang, C., Wei, L., Guo, M. & Zou, Q. Computational approaches in detecting non-coding RNA. PLoS Comput. of A. crassicuda was compared with the reports obtained in Urmia and west Azerbaijan, Iran. This scorpion usually moves around at night.[2]. Androctonus crassicauda - Wikipedia BMC Genomics20, 393 (2019). important features in sexual dimorphism, which indicated a significant difference between the two genders (P<0.05). Androctonus crassicuda were nightly collected from Khuzestan region based on their dispersion and diversity distance among the populations. wrote the manuscript: F.S. Morphological characteristics, including color, pedipalp, prosoma, metasoma, trichobothria pattern, This scorpion can make venom. Genes 3, 176190 (2012). This research was supported by the Department of Venomous Animals, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Ahwaz, Iran. Known lncRNA sequences including all validated lncRNAs were downloaded from two lncRNA databases: (1) NONCODE database (http://www.noncode.org/). The comparison of the morphological INFERNAL and RNACentral were used to classify ncRNAs into various ncRNA families. The validity of variant nucleotides at highly conserved positions was confirmed. doi: 10.23750/abm.v92i4.11550. Genomic DNA was extracted using an extraction kit (Sina PureTM DNA kit Tehran, Iran) according 4), exhibited the highest CP score. Besides, due to Fig. Since the comparison of morphological and molecular Plate I: Buthus; plate II: Androctonus. Percensuit et regis iussu et impensis edidit Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg. Med. CAS Genome-wide identification of tissue-specific long non-coding RNA in three farm animal species. to the kit instruction. Androctonus crassicauda 63321521.jpg 480 640; 36 KB. Google Scholar. Background: Androctonus crassicauda is the most medically relevant animal and understanding its morphological characteristics is essential in the production of antiscorpion sera. To predict lncRNAs in A. crassicauda, we collected samples from six male and female scorpions of varying age categories (mature and immature), and for identifying high confident lncRNA, generated paired-end RNA-seq libraries were analyzed. Based on the results of the phylogenetic tree, A. crassicuda was classified into a monophyletic group. Finally, an efficient alignment-free computational tool named PLEK with default pre-built models was employed to increase the reliability of lncRNAs prediction, and only transcripts which were labeled as noncoding in output were remained with high confidence to be novel scorpion-specific lncRNAs. 17, 1621 (2012). The raw sequences and clean data were subjected to FastQC for quality assessment of sequences (Supplementary figures F1F6). and partly in temperate habitats ( Fet and Braunwalder, 2000 Rinn, J.L. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. similarities in Mesobuthus eupeus species, there was a clear genetic divergence between the northern and southern clades of Iran. BMC Plant Biol. Dinger, M.E., et al. The overall elimination half-life, t1/2 beta, was 24 hr, indicating that the venom has the slowest elimination among all known scorpion venoms. Updated catalogue and taxonomic notes on the Old-World scorpion genusButhusLeach, 1815 (Scorpiones, Buthidae). The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. [3] Their common name is derived from their distinctly fat metasoma, or tail, while the Latin name originates from Greek and means "man killer". The Arabian fat-tailed scorpion, Androctonus crassicauda, is a species of dangerous scorpion usually found in North Africa and the Middle East. climatic conditions. Development of high-throughput sequencing cooperated with bioinformatics tools, has aid lncRNAs uncover in many insect species10,11,,12,13. performed on the basis of morphological characteristics defined by Stahnke (1970) Class: Terrestrial Longevity: Adult Scorpion Size: 4 inches Temperament: Mildly aggressive Claws: Strong pedipalps Sting Potency: Top three of all scorpions - very lethal Furthermore, the phylogenetic relationship of this species with Androctonus species from other regions of the world was evaluated using gene 12sRNA. We predicted a set of 122,421 mRNA and 5955 known lncRNAs using the Annocript platform. Moreover, Extremely low gene expression is generally considered to be transcriptional noise54. Article RNA 18, 825843 (2012). ). [2], They are found throughout the semi-arid and arid regions of the Middle East and Africa. The genetic distance value among the species was Wang, L. et al. Article & Salem, M. Genome-wide discovery of long non-coding RNAs in rainbow trout. Following trained PLEK, CNIT, Annocript, and CPC2 approaches in scorpion data set, we evaluated the performance of approaches. To eliminate transcripts harboring any protein domains, we implemented various blast search methods; at first, remaining 901,937 transcripts were exposed to Swissprot database, NCBI non-redundant (Nr), and Pfam protein domain databases to find protein-coding transcripts. Scholarly Articles Molecular analysis of the mitochondrial markers COI, 12S rDNA and 16S rDNA for six species of Iranian scorpions Intraspecific molecular variation among Androctonus crassicauda 2022 Dec 19;28:e20220026. Therefore, judging the performance of software based only on a few data collected from databases is not justifiable because working with large-scale data, especially for species without reference genomes or closely related organisms to build models to distinguish their ncRNA and mRNA transcripts, changes all equations1. Fattail scorpion - Wikipedia PubMed Central Roles, functions, and mechanisms of long non-coding RNAs in cancer. Google Scholar. Rep. 7, 118 (2017). indicating that the genetic diversity of the species of this population was not significant. shown that the incidence of scorpionism is higher in Iran than the global average ( Chippaux and Goyffon, 2008 Expression and purification of recombinant alpha-toxin - Springer ). ). Koch, 1839) inferred from COI sequences (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Han, S. et al. ; Fet and Braunwalder, 2000 The site is secure. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. This study assessed the genetic relationship analysis of the mitochondrial COXI and 12sRNA genes and morphometric parameters among the population of A. crassicauda In this study, molecular variation in mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene within. Annocript was executed with default parameters; thus, the 0.95 coding probability thresholds were used as cut-off which can be changed by user. ). ; Fet et al., 2018 Biol. Any transcript with blast algorithm results in these databases with an E-value less than 0.00001 was considered known lncRNAs, and 368,991 retained lncRNAs were passed to the next filtering steps. [10] Interestingly, the fat-tail scorpion can only ingest liquids. Molecular functions of long non-coding RNAs in plants. Morphometric Indices and Venom Protein Profile in Different Populations 46, 308314 (2018). The trend of lower protein-coding potential, lower GC content, shorter transcript length, and less number of isoform per gene in lncRNAs sequence over protein-coding transcripts are outstanding features of A. crassicauda lncRNAs transcripts that mean these sequences contain lower stably base-paired structures and therefore, it is more possible to interact with other cellular factors21,37,45,46,47. Current annotation listed 759 lncRNA transcripts; hence, the total number of lncRNAs in A. crassicauda was 13,401 transcripts. CPC2 is a fast predictor of coding potential which uses a support vector machine due to ORF length, Fickett score, ORF integrity, and isoelectric point to differentiate coding and noncoding RNAs32. Androctonus crassicauda venom was unique in following a three-compartment open model comprising a central compartment 'blood', a rapidly equilibrating 'shallow' tissue compartment and a slowly equilibrating 'deep' tissue compartment. [6] One of the main threats that the scorpions face is habitat loss. [4] Their venom contains powerful neurotoxins and is especially potent. Scorpion venom include highly complex polypeptides, with a wide spectrum of bioactivities, and rich sources of neurotoxins [3, 4]. ex Officina Academica, Venditur a Mittlero, Berlin, "Arabian fat-tailed scorpion videos, photos and facts - Androctonus crassicauda | Arkive", "Dictionary of Scientific Scorpion Names", "Antidotes In Depth, Jeffrey N. Bernstein", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fattail_scorpion&oldid=1161294447, Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, Short description is different from Wikidata, Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from May 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 21 June 2023, at 20:30. Akrepte tarak.jpg. Hottentotta saulcyi (H. saulcyi), Hottentotta schach (H. schach) and Androctonus crassicauda (A. crassicauda) are three species of scorpions belonging to the family of Buthidae (Dehghani et al., 2009). Similarly, the Latin word for South is australis, from which Androctonus australis, "southern man-killer", derives. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Al-Tobasei, R., Paneru, B. Epub 2020 Dec 31. The site is secure. It employed the model trained on the human database to predict the sequences of invertebrates. Morphometric Indices and Venom Protein Profile in Different Populations of, Recombinant expression and antigenicity of two peptide families of neurotoxins from. in Khuzestan. The initial comparison (Table 1) shows that the highest protein values were identified by the ECF pipeline, followed by Annocript, while the lowest predicted protein values were obtained by PLEK software, compared to noncoding results. Intraspecific molecular variation among Androctonus crassicauda Gene expression levels in terms of FPKM were quantified using RSEM software53. Article consisted of species of A. crassicuda which were collected from the western part of Iran and grouped in clade 1. Scorpion is a venomous arthropod of the Arachnida class which is widespread globally. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal They indicated a more closed relationship and showed that the genetic distance is correlated with geographical PubMed Central segment III length to width; Met-III_L/H: metasomal segment III length to height; Met-IV_L/W: metasomal segment IV length to width; Met-IV_L/H: metasomal If the scorpion stings a human with its venom, it cause swelling or problems with the heart and lungs or death. For annotation of assembled transcripts, the remaining ncRNA candidates were submitted to blastx search with an E value threshold le3 against the following databases: Swissprot (A manually annotated and reviewed protein sequence database); Nr (NCBI non-redundant protein sequences); UniProtKB/TrEMBL and, Pfam (Protein family). relationships based on both molecular and morphological characteristic methods with the purpose of determining and assessing the relationships Moreover, analyzing lncRNA characteristics in A. crassicauda uncovered that lower protein-coding potential, lower GC content, shorter transcript length, and less number of isoform per gene are outstanding features of A. crassicauda lncRNAs transcripts. ; Gantenbein et al., 2001 Rev. Genome-wide identification and characterization of putative lncRNAs in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.).
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